Create a simple index on a FK column if dropping the only index that covers it. MySQL requires at least one index whose leading column matche

Try to create, if fails with IntegrityError then try to get

Execute a dynamic INSERT (with DEFAULT keywords) and return the raw result. Calls ``_build_insert_with_defaults`` to produce the SQL, then

Fetch DB-applied default values via SELECT after INSERT. Called only for non-RETURNING backends when db_default fields were set to DE

Prepare INSERT columns, filtering out omitted db_default fields.

Look up a constraint by name from the model state's constraints list.

Get the ConnectionHandler from the current context.

Compute the list of column names for a RETURNING clause. Combines generated fields (when *has_generated* is True) with *db_default_co

Get Pydantic model for the submodel

Use PRAGMA index_list + PRAGMA index_info to find unique index names.

Check whether any column on the instance still holds a DatabaseDefault sentinel.

Initialize Tortoise for a specific module and return SQL statements. Raises SkipTest if not using sqlite.

Normalise raw index tuples/Index objects into a flat list of Index instances.

Like _normalize_indexes but tracks whether each item was an explicit Index.

Reset timezone cache. For internal use only.

Helper to reset Tortoise state before each test.

Truncate all tables in the given context.

Helper function to build SELECT SQL based on database type.

Generate iterable chunk by batch_size # noqa: DAR301

Close all database connections owned by this context. This is called automatically when exiting the async context manager. A